太平洋牡蛎亲贝人工促熟的研究

本文报道了1991年4月25日～6月15日,利用对虾育苗室,采用人工升温和自然升温(当地水温回升较早),对太平洋牡蛎(Crossostrea gigas)亲见人工促熟的结果,使产卵期提前15～30天。产卵积温平均为668℃。同时对不同海域的亲贝外部形态及性腺发育、产卵情况作了比较。     

Genetic parameters of growth and survival in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a representative bivalve mollusc that is widely cultured in the world and is the largest molluscan group cultured in China. In order to assess the feasibility of improving survival of C. gigas through genetic selection, the heritability and genetic correlations for growth and survival traits between different life stages were examined. Genetic parameters were estimated based on intraclass correlations of 49 full‐sib families (29 half‐sib families) in larvae (4 and 20 days after fertilization) and spat (140 days after fertilization) stages. The heritability for growth traits in larvae and spat was 0.30–0.86 and 0.53–0.59, respectively, and varied with ages. The heritability of survival was low in larvae (0.13 ± 0.05 and 0.17 ± 0.04, respectively for 4 and 20 days after fertilization) but medium (0.39 ± 0.07) in spat, suggesting that selection for increasing spat survival was feasible. The genetic correlation between growth traits within age was medium to high and positive (ranging from 0.47 to 0.96, respectively, between shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) at 20 days and between SL and SH at 140 days after fertilization), suggesting that selection to improve single growth trait will cause positive response in another growth traits in C. gigas. The genetic correlations between survival and growth traits at 140 days were low but positive (ranging from 0.23 to 0.27, respectively, between survival and SH and between survival and SL at 140 days after fertilization), suggesting that selection for survival may not have a negative response in growth. Overall, this study suggests that survival traits should be taken as improving target of next selection breeding programme in C. gigas.     

广东沿海近江牡蛎重金属含量特征及其风险分析

根据1997—2010年对广东沿海近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)的监测结果,对近江牡蛎体重金属元素镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的含量水平、空间分布和时间变化进行了分析讨论,并对近江牡蛎这一经济水产品种的食用安全性进行了风险评估。结果表明,近江牡蛎Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量分别为(1.31±1.43)、(72.3±89.7)、(0.26±0.22)、(203±178)mg.kg-1,不同元素的含量与近江牡蛎对其累积能力有关。1997—2010年,广东沿海近江牡蛎体重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的含量总体呈下降趋势;空间分布特征为中部沿海重金属元素含量高于东部和西部沿海。风险分析结果显示,近江牡蛎体Pb、Cd的暴露量低于世界卫生组织/联合国粮食和农业组织(WHO/FAO)的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)的推荐值,处于安全范围内。     

Growth performance and biochemical composition of the oysters Crassostrea sikamea,Crassostrea angulata and their hybrids in southern China

The Kumamoto oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) and the Portuguese oyster (C. angulata) are important aquaculture species which naturally coexist along the southern coast of China. To understand the potential feasibility of hybridization between the two species, we conducted two‐by‐two factorial cross‐experiments in Beihai (Guangxi province), and also compared the survival and growth of the hybrids to that of the two parental progenies during the grow‐out period from July 2014 to July 2015. Genetic analysis confirmed that the hybrid spats were true hybrids. Additionally, the biochemical composition of the 1‐year‐old oyster progenies was determined. In July 2015, the mean shell height of the hybrids was 42.98 ± 6.29 mm, which was higher than that of the Kumamoto oyster progeny. The cumulative survival rate of the hybrids was 26.37 ± 1.32%, which was higher than that of the progeny of the Portuguese oyster. Mean lipid content of the hybrids was 13.65 ± 1.63% of dry weight, which showed obvious heterosis compared to those of the two parental progenies. Observation of gonads revealed that all hybrids were completely fertile. Furthermore, relative expression of the lipid homeostasis genes, SREBP (sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor) and INSIG (insulin‐induced gene) were found to vary between parental progenies and the hybrids, thus providing a possible reason for difference in the lipid contents of these experimental groups. Overall, the hybrids were viable, rich in lipid and completely fertile and thus could serve as a promising aquaculture stock for oyster breeding in southern China.     

5种壳色长牡蛎不同组织中金属元素的分析与评价

为评估不同壳色长牡蛎金属元素价值,实采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)和近红外(NIR)分析模型对5种壳色(壳黑、壳紫、壳橙、壳金和壳白)长牡蛎4个组织(外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌和性腺—内脏团)中的Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn和Se元素含量进行检测分析,并比较与对照群体金属元素含量的差异以及5种壳色长牡蛎各组织间含量的差异。结果发现,在外套膜中,壳紫、壳橙和壳黑长牡蛎中Zn含量显著高于对照群体,壳紫长牡蛎Cu含量显著高于壳金和对照群体,壳金长牡蛎Mn含量显著高于壳紫和壳黑长牡蛎,其他元素在各群体中含量无显著差异;在鳃中,壳金长牡蛎Mn含量显著高于壳黑和对照群体,其他组份在6个群体无显著性差异;在闭壳肌中,壳橙和壳紫长牡蛎Zn的含量显著高于对照群体,其他组份在各群体中差异不显著;在性腺—内脏团中,壳橙长牡蛎Zn和Mn含量均显著高于对照群体,且Cu的含量显著高于壳金长牡蛎,其他元素在6个群体中含量无显著性差异。4个组织中各金属元素含量差异显著,其中闭壳肌内各金属元素含量显著低于鳃、外套膜和性腺—内脏团。研究表明,不同壳色长牡蛎之间以及不同壳色与对照群体之间在部分金属元素含量上已表现出分化,这为长牡蛎壳色新品系选育提供了重要的基础资料。     

适宜牡蛎与龙须菜配比提高含氮养殖废水处理效果

水产养殖废水中含有大量的N、P等营养素,不加处理的排放将带来环境污染,通过养殖废水的资源化利用,可以保护环境,同时获得经济效益,促进水产养殖业可持续发展。该文研究了太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)与龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)处理大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)养殖废水的适宜养殖密度与数量配比。研究内容分为两部分:1)龙须菜试验。探讨不同龙须菜养殖密度(0.8、1.6、2.4和3.2 g/L)对大西洋鲑养殖废水氮素的去除效果,结果表明,龙须菜湿质量为2.4 g时对大西洋鲑养殖废水有较好处理效果,其中TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N的最高去除率分别为59.20%、62.16%和21.77%。2)牡蛎和龙须菜混养试验。试验中牡蛎(软体部湿质量)、龙须菜(湿质量)密度均为1.6、2.4、3.2 g/L。结果表明,牡蛎2.4 g/L、龙须菜2.4 g/L组合对废水中的NO2-N去除率达40.29%;牡蛎、龙须菜对TAN的去除存在交互作用,且龙须菜影响效应较大,2.4 g/L龙须菜对TAN去除率最高达74.44%;牡蛎2.4 g/L、龙须菜1.6 g/L时对NO3-N去除效果好,但与龙须菜密度2.4 g/L时无显著性差异。综合分析确定二者密度均为2.4 g/L,即牡蛎与龙须菜密度比为1:1时处理效果最佳。     

超滤膜分离牡蛎多糖工艺研究

[目的]获得制备牡蛎多糖的最佳分离工艺。[方法]利用超滤膜对牡蛎多糖进行分离,采用单因素及正交试验考察牡蛎多糖通过不同截留分子量超滤膜的分子量分布并优化超滤膜分离工艺。[结果]试验表明,选择截留分子量10 kD的超滤膜分离牡蛎多糖,膜通量较好,截留液中牡蛎多糖的分子量为1.2×10~3kD,透过液中的分子量为4.4 kD。正交试验表明,影响膜通量的主要因素是料液温度,其次是膜分离操作压力,pH影响较弱。综合考虑生产成本及膜的使用寿命等多方因素,超滤膜分离最佳工艺为料液温度30℃、压力0.04 MPa、pH 7.0。[结论]研究可为工业化生产牡蛎多糖提供参考依据。     

Genetic differentiation between Zhe oyster Crassostrea plicatula and pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas populations in China assessed by microsatellite analysis

ABSTRACT:   Genetic differentiation and relationships between Crassostrea plicatula and Crassostrea gigas populations from China were studied by means of the microsatellite technique. Seven loci were used to screen five populations each collected from C. plicatula and C. gigas . All loci showed high polymorphism for all populations, as observed in average number of alleles per locus (19.1–28.1), and average expected heterozygosity (0.891–0.954). Significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficiency were observed over most populations at each locus and were best explained by null alleles. F _ST values showed significant genetic differentiation between C. plicatula and C. gigas populations. According to the neighbor-joining tree constructed on the basis of the genetic distance ( D _A), the ten populations fell into two distinct groups ( C. plicatula and C. gigas groups), and the results of principal coordinate analysis and assignment tests also supported the neighbor-joining clustering. The outcomes presented here suggested that the microsatellite markers have great potential for differentiating C. plicatula from C. gigas populations. The information obtained in this study has important implications for the suitable management and conservation of these genetic resources in China.     

太平洋牡蛎二倍体和三倍体的生长比较

比较研究了在福建养殖的太平洋特蛎二倍体和三倍休的生长，结果表明，经１７个月养殖的太平洋牡蛎三倍体壳长、壳高、体重和软体部重量分别比二倍体增加１４．４１％、７．６６％、３５．２７％和７３．２５％。在太平洋特蛎繁殖季节５￣８月，三倍体体重和软体部重量生长明显超过二倍体．还就温带及亚热带海区养殖的太平洋牡蛎二倍体和三倍体的生长进行讨论。     

Seasonal variation in the condition index of Pacific oyster postlarvae (Crassostrea gigas) in a land‐based nursery in Sonora,Mexico

This study examined the seasonal variation in the condition index (CI) of Crassostrea gigas postlarvae (<5 mm) that were cultivated at a commercial hatchery. Oysters were sampled weekly at the nursery using seawater from a lagoon for the grow‐out that precedes commercialization. Temperature, salinity, seston, chlorophyll a, oxygen and pH were recorded at each sampling and water samples were taken to identify phytoplankton groups and their abundance. High levels of primary productivity, chlorophyll a and seston were detected during summer, but the highest CI occurred in winter. During winter, elevated phytoplankton biomass was composed by diatoms and phytoflagellates, which served as the main food source and promoted weight gain in this season. Variations in salinity, oxygen and pH were not related to differences in the CI. However, it appears that the wide temperature variation affected functions, such as feeding activity, apparently enhancing ingestion during winter (mean 16.5±1.4 °C) and reducing ingestion during summer (mean 31±1.5 °C). Winter production resulted in postlarvae with a homogeneous size range and a high CI, indicating that winter is more favourable to start cultivation. The CI represents a practical means to determine the physiological state of postlarvae before transfer to cultivation sites.